今天就为大家整理了一份超全面的初中英语语法指南,涵盖十大词类、句子成分、句子结构、句子种类、5种特殊句式、时态、缩略词7大核心模块,内容结构化、解析详细,还标注了高频考点和易错点,不管是日常学习、期末复习还是备战中考,都能用得上!
- – 分类:可数名词(book→books)、不可数名词(water、knowledge)、专有名词(Beijing、Tom,首字母大写)
- – 核心用法:可作主语、宾语、表语;重点掌握可数名词复数变化规则和名词所有格(’s/of)
- – 分类:人称代词(主格I/you;宾格me/you)、物主代词(形容词性my/your;名词性mine/yours)、反身代词(myself/yourself)、指示代词(this/that)、不定代词(some/any)、疑问代词(what/who)
- – 核心用法:主格作主语,宾格作宾语;形容词性物主代词后必须接名词
- – 分类:基数词(1 one,表数量)、序数词(第1 first,表顺序)
- – 核心用法:序数词前常加the;百位数表达(one hundred and twenty-three);分数表达(分子基数词,分母序数词,分子>1分母变复数,如2/3 two thirds)
- – 分类:实义动词(及物vt. 接宾语,如eat apples;不及物vi. 不接宾语,如run fast)、系动词(be/look/smell)、助动词(do/have,辅助构成时态/否定)、情态动词(can/must/should,后接原形)
- – 核心用法:三单形式、过去式/过去分词变化;情态动词的否定和疑问
- – 核心用法:作定语(放在名词前,a beautiful flower)、表语(放在系动词后,The flower is beautiful);比较级/最高级变化(tall→taller→tallest,good→better→best)
- – 分类:时间副词(now/today)、地点副词(here/there)、方式副词(slowly)、程度副词(very)
- – 核心用法:大多由形容词+ly构成(careful→carefully);作状语,位置灵活(动词后/句首/句末)
- – 分类:不定冠词(a/an,a接辅音音素,an接元音音素,a book/an apple)、定冠词(the,特指)、零冠词(球类/学科/三餐,play basketball)
- – 核心用法:固定搭配的冠词使用;可数名词单数前一般加冠词
- – 常见介词:in/on/at(时间/地点)、by/with(方式)、for/to/from(对象)
- – 核心用法:后接名词/代词/动名词(doing),构成介词短语(in the morning);介词短语不能作谓语
- – 分类:并列连词(and/but/or/so,连接并列成分)、从属连词(because/if/when,连接主从句)
- – 核心用法:and表并列,but表转折,or表选择,because表原因
- – 常见词:oh/ah/hello/wow
- – 核心用法:一般放在句首,后用逗号隔开,Oh, I see!
- – 常由:名词、代词、数词、动名词(Running)、不定式(To learn)充当
- – 例句:Tom likes English. / She is a student.
- – 常由:动词(实义动词/系动词/助动词+实义动词)充当,谓语必须是动词
- – 分类:简单谓语(He runs.)、复合谓语(She can sing. / He is reading.)
- – 常由:名词、代词、动名词、不定式充当,分直接宾语(物)和间接宾语(人)
- – 例句:I love English. / He gives me a book.(me间接宾语,a book直接宾语)
- – 常由:形容词、名词、代词、介词短语、不定式充当
- – 例句:She is a teacher. / The cake tastes delicious.
- – 前置:形容词、代词、数词(a red pen、my book)
- – 后置:介词短语、不定式(a girl in red、a pen to write with)
- – 常由:副词、介词短语、不定式、从句充当
- – 例句:He runs quickly. / We study in the classroom.
- 主谓结构(S+V):主语 + 不及物动词(vi.),无需宾语,意思完整
例句:The sun rises.(太阳升起。)/ They run fast.(他们跑得快。)
- 主谓宾结构(S+V+O):主语 + 及物动词(vt.)+ 宾语,宾语补充动作对象
例句:We love our country. / He reads books every day.
- 主系表结构(S+L+P):主语 + 系动词 + 表语,表语说明主语特征 / 身份
常见系动词:
①be 动词(am/is/are/was/were);
②感官动词(look/smell/taste/sound/feel);
③变化动词(become/get/turn/grow);
④保持动词(keep/stay/remain)
例句:She is happy. / The food tastes delicious. / He becomes a doctor.
- 主谓双宾结构(S+V+IO+DO):主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语(人)+ 直接宾语(物)
常见接双宾的动词:give/send/buy/teach/tell/bring,可转换为 “主语 + V+DO+for/to+IO”
例句:My mother gives me a gift. = My mother gives a gift to me. / He buys me a pen. = He buys a pen for me.
- 例句:We call him Tom.(Tom 作宾补,说明 him 的名字)/ She asks me to study hard.(to study hard 作宾补,说明 me 的动作)
考点全在句式转换
- – 肯定:He is a student. / I like coffee.
- – 否定:He is not a student. / I don’t like coffee.
2. 疑问句:提出问题,句末用问号,分4类
- – 一般疑问句:用Yes/No回答,结构:Be/助/情态动词+主语+其他?(Is he a student? — Yes, he is.)
- – 特殊疑问句:疑问词(what/who/where)引导,回答具体内容(What’s your name?)
- – 选择疑问句:or连接选项,不用Yes/No回答(Do you like coffee or tea? — Tea.)
- – 反意疑问句:前肯后否/前否后肯,主语用代词(He is a student, isn’t he?)
3. 祈使句:表请求、命令、建议,主语you常省略
- – 肯定:Stand up! / Open the door!
- – 否定:Don’t stand up! / Don’t be late!
- – 委婉:Let’s go! / Please open the door!
4. 感叹句:表强烈情感,句末用感叹号,分2类(高频考点)
- – What引导:What+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数+主语+谓语!(What a beautiful flower!);What+形容词+复数/不可数名词+主语+谓语!(What delicious food!)
- – How引导:How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语!(How beautiful the flower is! / How fast he runs!)
2. 并列句:并列连词(and/but/or/so)连接两个简单句(I like English, and she likes Chinese.)
3. 复合句:一个主句+一个/多个从句,从句由从属连词引导(I know that he is a student. 宾语从句)
(初中高频考点,句型固定,需熟记)
- 结构:There be + 名词 + 地点 / 时间,be 动词单复数由后面的名词决定(就近原则)
- 例句:There is a book on the desk. / There are two books and a pen on the desk.(靠近 be 的是 two books,用 are)
- 时态变化:There is/are → There was/were(过去时)→ There will be(将来时)
- 区分:There be 表 “存在有”,have 表 “拥有有”(主语是人 / 物),I have a book. ≠ There is a book to me.
- 常见结构:Here/There/In front of…+ 谓语 + 主语(主语为名词,代词不倒装)
- 例句:Here comes the bus.(公交车来了。)/ Here you are.(给你。,主语是代词 you,不倒装)
- 结构:It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 其他(强调人可用 who,其他用 that)
- 例句:I met Tom in the park yesterday.
→ 强调主语:It was I that/who met Tom in the park yesterday.
→ 强调地点:It was in the park that I met Tom yesterday.
- 不定式省略:保留 to,省略后面的动词,I want to go shopping, and she wants to (go shopping), too.
- 祈使句省略:省略主语 you,Open the door! = You open the door!
- 状语从句省略:主从句主语一致时,省略主语和 be 动词,When (he is) walking in the street, he saw a friend.
- 语法一致:主语为单数,谓语用单数;主语为复数,谓语用复数,He plays football. / They play football.
- 就近原则:谓语单复数由靠近的名词决定,There be 句型、not only…but also…/either…or…例句:Not only he but also I am a student.
- 意义一致:主语形式为单数,意义为复数,谓语用复数;反之则用单数例句:The family are watching TV.(family 表 “家人”,复数)/ The news is good.(news 为不可数名词,单数)
①一般现在时的三单变化;
②一般过去时 / 过去分词的规则 / 不规则变化;
③现在完成时与一般过去时的区分(是否强调对现在的影响);
④when/while 引导的从句时态(过去进行时 + 一般过去时)。
- I am = I’m / you are = you’re / he is = he’s / she is = she’s / it is = it’s
- we are = we’re / they are = they’re / who is = who’s / what is = what’s
- I have = I’ve / you have = you’ve / he has = he’s / she has = she’s
- I will = I’ll / you will = you’ll / he will = he’ll / they will = they’ll
- I would = I’d /you would = you’d /he would = he’d(would 也可表过去将来时 / 情态动词)
- is not = isn’t /are not = aren’t /am not = 无缩略(只能用 I’m not)
- was not = wasn’t / were not = weren’t
- do not = don’t / does not = doesn’t / did not = didn’t
- have not = haven’t / has not = hasn’t / had not = hadn’t
- will not = won’t(特殊,非 willn’t)/would not = wouldn’t
- can not = can’t / could not = couldn’t / may not = mayn’t
- must not = mustn’t / should not = shouldn’t / need not = needn’t
- let us = let’s / it is time = it’s time / that is = that’s / there is = there’s / there are = there’re
- because = ’cause(口语,写作尽量不用)/telephone = phone /photograph = photo
①缩略词的所有格:it’s = it is/it has,its 为物主代词(它的),无撇,易混考点;
②who’s = who is/who has,whose 为疑问代词(谁的);
③否定缩略在句中不能分开,He isn’t a student.(不能写成 He is not a student. 虽正确,但缩略更常用)。
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